Can Rhakaro react to a character dying to a claim replacement effect? Yes. Note that when a replacement (indicated by the word "instead") effect is applied, like Seastone Chair or Mirri Maz Duur, all it is doing is changing the way whatever it is replacing is resolved. That is to say that "claim" still happens, but instead of working according to the rules in the RR book, it works according to the replacement effect. Here, provided claim happens (it does) and a character dies because of it (in the case of Seastone/Mirri, they will), Rakharo can react and claim a power.

The triggering condition is not met if a character is selected to satisfy military claim but is saved.

If two characters die for military claim, in a two claim challenge for example, then Rhakaro can trigger twice (once for each character) .